Magnet Basics

Magnetism has a lot of similarities to electricity. Electricity involves two charges, positive and negative. Magnets have two poles, the north pole and south pole.
Fundamental rule for magnets:Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
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All magnets have these two poles. If you cut a magnet in half, the two new, smaller magnets will each have two poles. If you cut these halves into two more pieces, each of the new magnets will also have two poles. And so on. You can never slice a magnet in half and get only one pole. One of the interesting questions that modern physicists play around with is whether a magnet with a single pole can exist. Such a thing (which has never been discovered) is known as a monopole. Win yourself one of them Nobel Prizes in Physics get you one of them old monopoles.
Magnets exert forces on other magnets. They also can interact with other materials. The important interaction is the way they act with materials classed as ferromagnetic. These materials are strongly attracted to magnets. Ferromagnetic materials include the following elements: iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium, and dysprosium. Materials made with these elements (or compounds of these elements) are not only attracted to magnets, they can be magnetized and turned into magnets themselves.
Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by magnets. Many common materials are diamagnetic: water, glass, copper, graphite, salt, lead, rubber, diamond, wood, and many plastics for example.

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Paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted to magnets. Examples: aluminum, oxygen, sodium, platinum, and uranium.
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Magnetic Fields: Just as electric charges are surrounded by an electric field, so too are magnets surrounded by a magnetic field. We can even draw lines of force around the magnet to show the direction of the field and its strength. These are called magnetic lines of force or sometimes you see them referred to as magnetic lines of flux.
Here are some characteristics of a magnetic field:
The lines of flux travel through the magnet
They leave the magnet at the north pole.
They travel through the air in a curve.
The lines enter the magnet at the south pole.
A line tangent to any point on a line of flux shows the direction of the field ¨C which is the direction of the force that would be exerted on a north pole.
Where the lines are close together the field is the strongest.
The direction of the field is NORTH to SOUTH. The arrows point away from the north pole and towards the south pole.
In the drawing below you can see some of the lines of force of a bar magnet. Three points are located on the lines of force and the corresponding forces that would be exerted at each point are shown. The force is always tangent to the line of force.
The direction of the field is shown by the direction of the arrows.

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